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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) from [updated 10/21/2007] General Information About Legionnaires' Disease
Role of Environmental
Surveillance in Determining the Risk of Hospital-Acquired Legionellosis: A
National Surveillance Study With Clinical Correlations Environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance was successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of hospital-acquired Legionella pneumonia.
Legionnaires' Disease in Long-Term Care Facilities: Overview and Proposed
Solutions
Preventing
Legionellosis Community-acquired Legionnaires' disease: Implications for underdiagnosis and laboratory testing by Victor L. Yu and Janet E. Stout (Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1365-1367)
by Cheryl L. Squier, Janet E. Stout, Sharon Krsytofiak, Joan McMahon, Marilyn M. Wagener, Bruce Dixon, and Victor L. Yu (American Journal of Infection Control, 2005) Legionella surveillance: political and social implications--a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. by Victor L. Yu (Journal of Infectious Diseases 185:259-261, 2002, University of Chicago Press) Fear of adverse publicity and litigation are obstacles to a rational scientific approach to Legionnaires’ disease prevention. “Surveillance should be complemented by education of the public and lay media. The public must be informed that Legionella are common colonizers (as are Pseudomonas species) of man-made water distribution systems that are rarely pathogenic for immunocompetent hosts and that Legionnaires’ disease is not a contagious disease. Ignorance leads to panic and panic leads to irrational actions. We have observed the implementation of emergency measures that are expensive, logistically tedious, and have little impact on the risk of acquiring Legionnaires’ disease.” Legionnaries' Disease Contracted from Patient Homes: The Coming of the Third Plague? by M.L. Pedro-Botet, Janet E. Stout and Victor L. Yu Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 21:699-705, 2002, Springer-Verlag Hospital -acquired Legionellosis: Solution for a preventable infection by Miguel Sabria and Victor L. Yu The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2:368-373, June 2002 Although cooling towers were linked to the cases of Legionnaires' disease in the years after its discovery, potable water has been the environmental source for almost all reported hospital outbreaks. Microaspiration is the major mode of transmission in hospital-acquired Legionnaires' disease; showering is not a mode of transmission. Since the clinical manifestations are non-specific, and specialized laboratory testing is required, hospital-acquired legionellosis is easily underdiagnosed. Discovery of a single case of hospital-acquired Legionnaires' disease is an important sentinel of additional undiscovered cases. Routine environmental culture of the hospital water supply for Legionella has proven to be an important strategy in prevention.. by N. Singh, J.E. Stout, V.L. Yu Transplant Infectious Diseases 6:58-62, 2004 Approaches to Prevention and Control of Legionella Infection - Allegheny County Health Department Guidelines (click to download) Allegheny County Health Department, Pennsylvania. 2nd Edition, January, 1997. Culture Your Water System for Legionella or Not? Yu, V.L., " Resolving the Controversy on Environmental Cultures for Legionella: A Modest Proposal, Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 19, pp. 893-897, 1998 (click to download) This editorial reviews the proactive position of Pittsburgh investigators in prevention of hospital-acquired Legionnaires’ disease. Pittsburgh investigators document that knowledge that the hospital water is colonized is a scientifically-based method that effectively prevents cases of hospital-acquired Legionnaires’ disease. In contrast, U.S. CDC does not favor culturing the hospital water supply unless one or more hospitalized patients contract Legionnaires’ disease. The scientific evidence and effectiveness of both positions is reviewed. On-Line Download Center Publications contains articles from the medical peer-review literature which are available on-line including Clinical Manifestations of Legionnaires' Disease, Disinfection of Legionella in Water Distribution Systems, Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionnaires' Disease, Antibiotic Therapy of Legionnaires' Disease, Epidemiology, Mode of Transmission of Legionnaires' Disease, Environmental Source of Legionella, Other Legionella Species including Pittsburgh Pneumonia Agent (L. micdadei). [more details] Our Mission
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